Selective proportionality and integer-valued data in DEA: an application to performance evaluation of high schools

Conventional data envelopment analysis (DEA) models are often extended for constant or variable returns to scale assumptions based on the under-investigated technology. It is assumed that all inputs and outputs real-valued data. However, in many practical applications, proportionality convexity axioms require be modified. This study attempts further expand upon hybrid DEA presence of integer-valued input output We refine previous introduce a new minimal extrapolation technology set. Moreover, we formulate couple mixed-integer linear programming efficiency evaluation target setting. An empirical application 30 high schools Iran provided validate proposed approach. The analysis, including evaluations along with providing benchmark units, also performed.